What epistemological position holds that at least some knowledge can be gained through reason independently of sensory experience?

Rationalism

Rationalism suggests that certain truths are innate or can be deduced through logic alone, rather than relying solely on the five senses. Famous rationalist René Descartes used this approach to reach his famous conclusion, 'I think, therefore I am,' relying on pure reason to prove his own existence. This position stands in direct contrast to empiricism, which argues that all knowledge must come from sensory experience.