Which Haitian president, nicknamed "Papa Doc," maintained his authoritarian rule through a feared paramilitary force known as the Tonton Macoute?

Papa Doc (or François Duvalier)

Duvalier ruled Haiti from 1957 to 1971, using state-sponsored violence and personality cults to suppress opposition. The Tonton Macoute operated outside the law to terrorize citizens and ensure his family's political dominance.